Drying and calcination are endothermic processes that require heat to evaporate bulk moisture or decompose chemical compounds. Combustion processes involve exothermic oxidation or burning of the feed material. Roasting processes use elevated temperature and controlled furnace atmospheres to effect desired chemical reactions in the furnace charge; roasting reactions may be either endothermic or exothermic. Although many furnace technologies exist, current industrial practice favors the rotary kiln and the fluidized-bed reactor for these applications.
Assessing the appropriate furnace technology for a given application is not a trivial exercise. Hazen can ably assist its clients in this area, because we understand that furnace design relies not only on an accurate definition of process operating conditions, but also on the physical characteristics of the feed materials, product specifications, gas handling requirements, and other important considerations. We can develop a well-planned program to ascertain the technical feasibility of a potential processing method, examine areas of technological uncertainty, and establish the economic viability of the venture. Once process parameters have been adequately defined, pilot-scale confirmation can generate the process design criteria needed for commercial implementation.
Since opening its doors in 1961, Hazen has completed projects over an exceptionally wide range of thermal processing applications. Some of our recent studies have involved:
- roasting of refractory and carbonaceous gold ores
- sulfation roasting of cobalt–copper–nickel concentrate
- reduction roasting of nickel laterites
- manganese carbonate calcination
- zirconium sulfate calcination
- selective chlorination of metals
- antimony and arsenic fuming
- combustion of coal, oil shale, refuse-derived fuel, and other fuels
- combustion of municipal solid waste for energy recovery
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